Erstellt am 29 May 2022 15:56
Zuletzt geändert: 03 Mar 2023 08:55
Menschliche Überträger
- Buitrago-Garcia D, Ipekci AM, Heron L, Imeri H, Araujo-Chaveron L, Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Cevik M, Hauser A, Alam MI, Meili K, Meyerowitz EA, Prajapati N, Qiu X, Richterman A, Robles-Rodriguez WG, Thapa S, Zhelyazkov I, Salanti G, Low N. Occurrence and transmission potential of asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: Update of a living systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2022 May 26;19(5):e1003987. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003987. PMID: 35617363; PMCID: PMC9135333.
Dieser systematische Review zeigt letztlich die Grenzen der methodischen Vorgehensweisen im Rahmen der traditionellen "evidenzbasierten Medizin". Trotz geradezu heroischer Anstrengungen konnte keine zuverlässige Schätzung für den Anteil asymptomatischer Infektionen an Covid-19 erstellt werden. Auch der Beitrag der symptomatischen oder präsymptomatischen Transmissionen zum Infektionsgeschehen konnte nicht mit hinreichender Aussagefähigkeit geschätzt werden.
- Jung J, Kim JY, Park H, Park S, Lim JS, Lim SY, Bae S, Lim YJ, Kim EO, Kim J, Park MS, Kim SH. Transmission and Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Shedding Kinetics in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Individuals. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 May 2;5(5):e2213606. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13606. PMID: 35608859.
Autorenteam aus Südkorea
Design, setting, and participants: This cohort study assessed secondary transmission by analyzing the epidemiologic data of health care workers, inpatients, and caregivers diagnosed with COVID-19 during hospitalization or residence in a tertiary care hospital between March 1, 2020, and November 6, 2021. To evaluate viral shedding kinetics, the genomic RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was measured using polymerase chain reaction and performed virus culture from daily saliva samples of individuals with mild COVID-19 infected with the Delta variant who were isolated in a community facility in Seoul, South Korea, between July 20 and August 20, 2021.
Results: A total of 173 individuals (median [IQR] age, 47 [32-59] years; 100 female [58%]) with COVID-19 were included in the secondary transmission study, of whom 50 (29%) had a breakthrough infection. Secondary transmission was significantly less common in the breakthrough infection group than in the nonbreakthrough infection group (3 of 43 [7%] vs 29 of 110 [26%]; P = .008). In the viral shedding kinetics study, 45 patients (median age, 37 years [IQR, 25-49 years]; 14 female [31%]) infected with the Delta variant were included, of whom 6 (13%) were fully vaccinated and 39 (87%) were partially or unvaccinated. Although the initial genomic viral load was comparable between the 2 groups, viable virus in cell culture was detected for a notably longer duration in partially vaccinated (8 days after symptom onset) or unvaccinated (10 days after symptom onset) individuals compared with fully vaccinated individuals (4 days after symptom onset).
Conclusions and relevance: In this cohort study, although the initial genomic viral load was similar between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, fully vaccinated individuals had a shorter duration of viable viral shedding and a lower secondary attack rate than partially vaccinated or unvaccinated individuals. Data from this study provide important evidence that despite the possibility of breakthrough infections, COVID-19 vaccinations remain critically useful for controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Tierarten und Arten-Sprung
- Tan CCS, Lam SD, Richard D, Owen CJ, Berchtold D, Orengo C, Nair MS, Kuchipudi SV, Kapur V, van Dorp L, Balloux F. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to animals and potential host adaptation. Nat Commun. 2022 May 27;13(1):2988. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30698-6. PMID: 35624123.
We identify five candidate mutations for animal-specific adaptation in mink (NSP9_G37E, Spike_F486L, Spike_N501T, Spike_Y453F, ORF3a_L219V), and one in deer (NSP3a_L1035F), though they appear to confer a minimal advantage for human-to-human transmission. No considerable changes to the mutation rate or evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted from circulation in mink and deer thus far. Our findings suggest that minimal adaptation was required for onward transmission in mink and deer following human-to-animal spillover, highlighting the 'generalist' nature of SARS-CoV-2 as a mammalian pathogen.
- Bosco-Lauth AM, Hartwig AE, Porter SM, Gordy PW, Nehring M, Byas AD, VandeWoude S, Ragan IK, Maison RM, Bowen RA. Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Oct 20;117(42):26382-26388. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2013102117. Epub 2020 Sep 29. PMID: 32994343; PMCID: PMC7585007.
These studies confirm that cats are susceptible to productive SARS-CoV-2 infection, but are unlikely to develop clinical disease. Further, we document that cats developed a robust neutralizing antibody response that prevented reinfection following a second viral challenge. Conversely, we found that dogs do not shed virus following infection but do seroconvert and mount an antiviral neutralizing antibody response. There is currently no evidence that cats or dogs play a significant role in human infection; however, reverse zoonosis is possible if infected owners expose their domestic pets to the virus during acute infection. Resistance to reinfection holds promise that a vaccine strategy may protect cats and, by extension, humans.
Artikel zum Thema Covid-19 auf Wikidot
- Covid 19: Ländervergleiche
- COVID-19 - data & numbers
- Infektionsgeschehen und Infektionsbekämpfung
- Covid 19: Public-Health-Maßnahmen
- Covid 19: Transmission
- Covid 19: Ventilation
- Covid 19: Therapie
- Rekonvaleszenten-Plasma
- Covid 19: Immunantworten
- Covid 19: Impfstoffe
- Covid 19: Post-Infektions oder Impfdurchbrüche
- Covid 19: Impfungen, Nebenwirkungen, Schäden
- Covid 19: Impfschäden, Post-Covid-Vakzine-Syndrom
- Covid-19: Spätschäden, Long-Covid & Post-Covid
- Post-COVID Epidemiologie
- Post-Covid: Symptome & Störungsbilder
- Post Covid: Schadensbilder
- Post-Covid-ME/CFS: Sozialrecht
- Post-Covid: Sozialrecht
- Post-Covid: Therapie-Ansatz Apherese
- Post-Covid: Therapie-Ansatz BC007
- Post-Covid: Therapie-Ansatz HBO
- Covid-19: Transmission
- Covid 19: Ventilation
- Krankheit: Grippe
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Alle Darstellungen medizinischer Sachverhalte, Erkrankungen und Behinderungen und deren sozialmedizinische Einordnung und Kommentierungen hier im Wiki dienen nicht einer "letzt begründenden theoretisch-wissenschaftlichen Aufklärung", sondern sind frei nach Karl Popper "Interpretationen im Licht der Theorien."*
* Zitat nach: Bach, Otto: ''Über die Subjektabhängigkeit des Bildes von der Wirklichkeit im psychiatrischen Diagnostizieren und Therapieren''. In: Psychiatrie heute, Aspekte und Perspektiven, Festschrift für Rainer Tölle, Urban & Schwarzenberg, München 1994, ISBN 3-541-17181-2, (Zitat: Seite 1)
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